1 00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:38,220 This is not the soundtrack to 2001, One Space Odyssey. 2 00:01:45,500 --> 00:01:50,120 Quote the scene from Kubrick's film using This song is one of the biggest clichés in the world. 3 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:51,120 cinema. 4 00:01:54,320 --> 00:01:58,720 But even so, no one remembers that this music is not an original track. 5 00:02:02,670 --> 00:02:07,670 It was composed at the end of the 19th century by a German named Richard Strauss, the 6 00:02:07,670 --> 00:02:12,050 most important musician in the history of Bavaria, the region in southern Germany. 7 00:02:15,590 --> 00:02:19,950 Strauss had read Thus Spoke Zarathustra, a book written a few years ago 8 00:02:19,950 --> 00:02:21,750 before by Friedrich Nietzsche. 9 00:02:23,610 --> 00:02:28,590 Strauss decided to play music one by one the chapters of the book that had 10 00:02:28,590 --> 00:02:31,150 became very popular throughout the country. 11 00:02:44,330 --> 00:02:49,730 The book brought up the idea of the existence of a superman, a new and modern being, 12 00:02:49,890 --> 00:02:53,490 morally elevated in relation to all other beings. 13 00:03:10,640 --> 00:03:16,740 Germany had reunited in 1871, but even after that, some parts 14 00:03:16,740 --> 00:03:21,680 of the territory continued to have their kings and queens, including Bavaria. 15 00:03:27,180 --> 00:03:32,600 The search for national values or something that could bring together all these kingdoms 16 00:03:32,600 --> 00:03:33,640 it was intense. 17 00:03:34,760 --> 00:03:39,760 Although Nietzsche was a critic of this nationalism, the term he invented, 18 00:03:39,800 --> 00:03:45,320 superman, was used and distorted often to describe the idea of 19 00:03:45,320 --> 00:03:49,800 a racially elevated, biological man and civilizationally superior. 20 00:03:52,680 --> 00:03:55,380 In German terms, an Aryan race. 21 00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:02,000 These ideas of superiority presupposed the existence of humans 22 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:06,820 inferior and that these should be dominated and enslaved. 23 00:04:11,210 --> 00:04:16,450 At the end of the 19th century, while Strauss composed this music, these ideas 24 00:04:16,450 --> 00:04:19,670 nationalists circulated in the new Unified Germany. 25 00:04:21,110 --> 00:04:26,050 It was increasingly believed that the unity of the nation would come from language and 26 00:04:26,050 --> 00:04:27,290 mythology of its people. 27 00:04:29,550 --> 00:04:34,530 To create the spirit of the nation, the spirit of the new country, it was necessary 28 00:04:34,530 --> 00:04:37,230 value their oldest cultures. 29 00:04:40,200 --> 00:04:44,140 The songs of Richard Wagner, a composer who directly influenced 30 00:04:44,140 --> 00:04:48,320 Strauss, represented this well melting pot of these cultures and this search 31 00:04:48,320 --> 00:04:52,320 almost obsessive about the deepest roots ancient European peoples, 32 00:04:52,360 --> 00:04:55,080 particularly the Germanic peoples. 33 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:04,360 In the 19th century, Europeans came to invade other parts more forcefully 34 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:07,340 around the globe in search of new territories to colonize. 35 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:13,620 And it was in this context that the first scientific explanations for 36 00:05:13,620 --> 00:05:15,640 the differences between the people of the world. 37 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:23,900 Part of European science defined that there were human races spread across the 38 00:05:23,900 --> 00:05:30,680 planet and that they followed a hierarchy. At the top, more evolved, the 39 00:05:30,680 --> 00:05:32,420 white caucasian race. 40 00:05:34,060 --> 00:05:38,840 The other black, red and yellow would be the result of 41 00:05:38,840 --> 00:05:40,800 degeneration of these white people. 42 00:05:45,940 --> 00:05:51,360 Science's greatest quest since the century XVIII was to systematize nature. 43 00:05:53,540 --> 00:05:57,380 Hence, the systems of classification of living beings. 44 00:05:58,180 --> 00:06:01,780 And these systems also classified humans. 45 00:06:06,990 --> 00:06:12,050 Carl von Linné invented the system binomial, the classic organization of 46 00:06:12,050 --> 00:06:15,390 animals and plants that to this day we all we study. 47 00:06:17,870 --> 00:06:22,610 Linné placed human beings among the primates, but also divided humans 48 00:06:22,610 --> 00:06:28,550 in four categories, white European, American red, Asian yellow and 49 00:06:28,550 --> 00:06:29,550 black African. 50 00:06:31,430 --> 00:06:35,270 This is one of the most important texts in history of science. 51 00:06:36,080 --> 00:06:40,780 The Natural System, published by first time in 1735. 52 00:06:44,740 --> 00:06:49,380 In it, Linnaeus defined homo sapiens, in opposition to other animals, such as 53 00:06:49,380 --> 00:06:52,980 species possessing the ability to get to know yourself. 54 00:06:55,400 --> 00:06:56,700 Know yourself. 55 00:07:00,340 --> 00:07:03,020 But it's like saying, divide yourself same. 56 00:07:04,420 --> 00:07:05,840 Divide into races. 57 00:07:10,840 --> 00:07:16,140 And from there, from this framework, we are forever divided into races 58 00:07:16,140 --> 00:07:20,980 hierarchically ordered for the reproduction of inequality in society 59 00:07:20,980 --> 00:07:21,980 modern. 60 00:07:32,210 --> 00:07:35,750 Know yourself was also the title of an article by Richard Wagner 61 00:07:35,750 --> 00:07:36,990 about the German people. 62 00:07:39,070 --> 00:07:43,570 Wagner was also a friend of the philosopher Frenchman Gobineau, one of the first to 63 00:07:43,570 --> 00:07:47,490 write that the white Caucasian race was superior to all the others. 64 00:07:54,250 --> 00:07:59,810 For Wagner, miscegenation between the races was, first of all, a 65 00:07:59,810 --> 00:08:01,590 civilizational tragedy. 66 00:08:02,890 --> 00:08:08,170 Wagner thought that the different races had their own forms of expression and 67 00:08:08,170 --> 00:08:13,290 that, even inferior and uncivilized, these races could be elevated to a 68 00:08:13,290 --> 00:08:17,730 superior status of existence, if follow the Christian religion and 69 00:08:17,730 --> 00:08:18,810 European customs. 70 00:08:21,610 --> 00:08:25,830 Most likely Wagner read the writings of the German doctor Blumenbach, 71 00:08:25,930 --> 00:08:31,010 that throughout the 18th century ordered travelers and chiefs of 72 00:08:31,010 --> 00:08:35,750 expeditions that explored the world that bring skulls and body parts 73 00:08:35,750 --> 00:08:37,549 of the people they encountered. 74 00:08:39,909 --> 00:08:46,410 He analyzed and measured heads and skulls, creating a system that reinforced the idea 75 00:08:46,410 --> 00:08:48,030 of white superiority. 76 00:08:54,090 --> 00:08:58,970 When Europe invades the Americas, Africa and Asia, this is the thought that 77 00:08:58,970 --> 00:09:01,550 dominates the minds of travelers and kings. 78 00:09:02,610 --> 00:09:06,110 It dominated Bavaria and the minds of Wagner and Strauss. 79 00:09:11,570 --> 00:09:17,930 This vision is in each image described, in every photograph, in every poem, in 80 00:09:17,930 --> 00:09:22,750 each painting, each drawing or any thing produced on the people of 81 00:09:22,750 --> 00:09:28,330 Americas. and especially on the people of the Amazon, a place from where we who 82 00:09:28,330 --> 00:09:30,150 we wrote this film we came. 83 00:10:27,069 --> 00:10:29,210 This is Munich, late autumn. 84 00:10:38,090 --> 00:10:43,030 This is Bavaria, one of the 16 states federal authorities in Germany. 85 00:10:46,970 --> 00:10:52,990 For more than 200 years, people from this place crossed the Atlantic towards Brazil, in 86 00:10:52,990 --> 00:10:57,270 particularly the Amazon, carrying out expeditions that sought to map the 87 00:10:57,270 --> 00:11:00,370 riches from that new place, from that new world. 88 00:11:04,550 --> 00:11:08,880 Today, we are two Amazonians doing the reverse journey. 89 00:11:10,060 --> 00:11:14,460 We crossed the Atlantic in search of traces of what was collected and written 90 00:11:14,460 --> 00:11:16,400 upon us by these travelers. 91 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:25,820 In search of understanding how these materials they collected 92 00:11:25,820 --> 00:11:28,840 built the image of the Amazon through of the times. 93 00:11:29,580 --> 00:11:31,520 For Europe and the world. 94 00:11:40,110 --> 00:11:41,450 But this has not been easy. 95 00:11:45,810 --> 00:11:50,550 Despite our insistence, most of the collections of these great museums are not 96 00:11:50,550 --> 00:11:51,930 are available to us. 97 00:11:59,730 --> 00:12:04,590 Almost none of what was collected, many sometimes stolen, by these naturalists 98 00:12:04,590 --> 00:12:06,150 can be accessed freely. 99 00:12:08,170 --> 00:12:13,310 All these centuries-old collections that founded these museums are in the reserve 100 00:12:13,310 --> 00:12:15,670 technically and practically inaccessible. 101 00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:19,990 Almost no pieces are on display. 102 00:12:20,390 --> 00:12:24,890 Almost nothing can be seen or photographed, much less analyzed. 103 00:12:26,450 --> 00:12:32,150 They are objects and memories from other places locked in dark cellars. 104 00:12:33,390 --> 00:12:38,290 A kind of European subconscious full of memories created by violence 105 00:12:38,290 --> 00:12:39,290 colonial. 106 00:12:42,610 --> 00:12:46,330 For many, it is better than them remain asleep. 107 00:12:51,870 --> 00:12:56,870 In an almost hidden corner in one of the museums in Munich, there is a 108 00:12:56,870 --> 00:13:02,310 very small session dedicated to others, non-Europeans, that is, us. 109 00:13:03,180 --> 00:13:08,380 In fact, these are representations ancient, colonial, about peoples of 110 00:13:08,380 --> 00:13:09,600 other parts of the world. 111 00:13:10,700 --> 00:13:15,800 The museum's attempts to decolonize these representations are so caricatured 112 00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:17,180 as the images themselves. 113 00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:24,340 What remains is clearly the perpetuation of image of the other as savage. 114 00:13:27,680 --> 00:13:32,800 In this Bavarian story told by us, All images were not 115 00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:34,480 authorized by museums. 116 00:13:35,060 --> 00:13:40,320 So we also decided to borrow compulsorily the symphonic poems of 117 00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:44,180 Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss, perfect representatives of 118 00:13:44,180 --> 00:13:48,800 Southern romantic sensibility Germany of that time and feelings 119 00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:53,420 of racial and civilizational superiority that rocked generations of Europeans 120 00:13:53,420 --> 00:13:54,960 throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. 121 00:14:09,160 --> 00:14:13,880 And it's because of the fragments they forgot that we will retell our own 122 00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:14,880 history. 123 00:14:26,700 --> 00:14:27,700 Hi. 124 00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:34,520 Yeah... Yeah, I received an email here that You won't like it at all, you know? 125 00:14:36,160 --> 00:14:38,480 And... the guy's observation... 126 00:14:57,320 --> 00:15:02,260 Unfortunately, the narrator paints with a brush and the number of statements is not 127 00:15:02,260 --> 00:15:03,260 true. 128 00:15:04,360 --> 00:15:08,360 how to say that all scientists and People were racist in the 19th century. 129 00:15:10,040 --> 00:15:15,020 Darwin is a well-documented exception in this, and the abolitionist movement 130 00:15:15,020 --> 00:15:19,960 in the US and UK too shows that many people do not 131 00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:20,960 they felt that way. 132 00:15:23,340 --> 00:15:28,040 This bias will impede arguments legitimate aspects that the film presents. 133 00:15:31,820 --> 00:15:36,260 Therefore, it is not possible to assume that the Abolitionists weren't racist, right? 134 00:15:36,320 --> 00:15:37,320 It does not give. 135 00:15:37,520 --> 00:15:43,080 I know it's a complicated issue and I I know this guy doesn't understand everything 136 00:15:43,080 --> 00:15:47,700 is involved in this topic, but so, even Charles Darwin himself, who was 137 00:15:47,700 --> 00:15:54,180 also a recognized abolitionist, he believed in races and hierarchies between 138 00:15:54,180 --> 00:15:55,180 humans. 139 00:15:55,370 --> 00:15:59,390 For him, both indigenous people of the Amazon much of Patagonia were inferior to those of 140 00:15:59,390 --> 00:16:01,210 Europeans. That's in his head. 141 00:16:01,970 --> 00:16:05,770 He just thought they shouldn't be enslaved because of it. 142 00:16:06,710 --> 00:16:10,750 So, I think we should keep things as they are. 143 00:16:11,430 --> 00:16:16,350 You know, it was a lot of work and a lot study so that we could say what 144 00:16:16,350 --> 00:16:17,350 what we are saying. 145 00:16:17,490 --> 00:16:20,050 I don't think we should change anything, no. 146 00:16:37,580 --> 00:16:43,040 In 1817, the Austrian Archduchess Leopoldina married Tom Pedro I, 147 00:16:43,340 --> 00:16:44,940 future emperor of Brazil. 148 00:16:48,740 --> 00:16:53,620 As was common at the time, Leopoldina left Austria with a huge entourage 149 00:16:53,620 --> 00:16:57,280 which included members of the court, artists and scientists. 150 00:17:00,300 --> 00:17:03,980 Scientists from the neighboring kingdom, Bavaria, were also invited. 151 00:17:06,410 --> 00:17:11,069 It was in this circumstance that Johann von Spix and Karl Friedrich von Marcius 152 00:17:11,069 --> 00:17:12,730 left towards Brazil. 153 00:17:13,290 --> 00:17:18,670 The purpose of the expedition was to carry out a comprehensive mapping of the territory and 154 00:17:18,670 --> 00:17:22,190 collect animals, plants and objects ethnographic. 155 00:17:23,089 --> 00:17:27,810 This undertaking was part of a imperial project with the aim of 156 00:17:27,810 --> 00:17:30,630 know and control the territory Brazilian. 157 00:17:33,130 --> 00:17:38,450 The trip gave rise to the book Viagem pelo Brazil, a work that helped to present the 158 00:17:38,450 --> 00:17:40,930 new country to Europeans in the 19th century. 159 00:17:44,090 --> 00:17:49,430 Wrote Marcios, In the beautiful years of youth, I arrived in America, and in 160 00:17:49,430 --> 00:17:53,570 fullness of my longing knowledge, I wandered the continent 161 00:17:53,570 --> 00:17:54,570 splendid. 162 00:17:55,470 --> 00:18:00,250 They have always dominated my will indefinite way of solving the multiples 163 00:18:00,250 --> 00:18:01,770 enigmas that await us. 164 00:18:02,010 --> 00:18:06,390 far from culture and customs Europeans, in the country of forests 165 00:18:06,390 --> 00:18:10,390 eternally green, and this longing I was willing to satisfy. 166 00:18:11,830 --> 00:18:16,690 I decided to take the trip to meeting of the savages, inside the 167 00:18:16,690 --> 00:18:17,690 Brazil. 168 00:18:20,350 --> 00:18:23,930 Martes was the son of a doctor and Bavarian court pharmacist. 169 00:18:24,350 --> 00:18:27,990 Both he and his brothers followed the path of science. 170 00:18:28,510 --> 00:18:32,330 dedicating himself to transforming plants and in products for industry 171 00:18:32,330 --> 00:18:37,590 pharmaceutical. A highly profitable and extremely attractive for 172 00:18:37,590 --> 00:18:39,590 European powers in the 19th century. 173 00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:45,190 Spix, in turn, was the director of Bavarian zoological collection. 174 00:18:48,650 --> 00:18:53,590 Martius may seem like an unknown today, but over the past 200 years, 175 00:18:53,730 --> 00:18:58,120 since landing in Brazil, he achieved the status of political icon, 176 00:18:58,500 --> 00:19:01,000 cultural and scientific in both countries. 177 00:19:03,480 --> 00:19:09,160 Described as botanist, ethnologist, anthropologist and linguist, Márcio was read 178 00:19:09,160 --> 00:19:10,360 and reread it exhaustively. 179 00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:16,280 The image came from Márcio's thoughts best known in Brazil as a country. 180 00:19:17,860 --> 00:19:22,680 The idea came from him that the country is the result of the mixture of three breeds, 181 00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:25,610 indigenous, white and black. 182 00:19:25,970 --> 00:19:30,070 And also the idea of an Amazon romantic, a land of nature 183 00:19:30,070 --> 00:19:34,030 lush and full of natural resources to be explored. 184 00:19:41,350 --> 00:19:46,890 For Martius, the indigenous people were no longer the past of Europeans as he believed 185 00:19:46,890 --> 00:19:47,890 before the trip. 186 00:19:49,740 --> 00:19:54,300 On the contrary, after going to Amazon, Márcio came to believe that 187 00:19:54,300 --> 00:19:59,140 the indigenous people were human ruins of great past civilizations, of 188 00:19:59,140 --> 00:20:02,460 societies that have gone through some gigantic tragedy. 189 00:20:07,060 --> 00:20:12,220 Based on these ideas, Márcio wrote the monograph entitled How should 190 00:20:12,220 --> 00:20:13,760 write the history of Brazil. 191 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:19,200 A plan that he, a Bavarian, developed to organize ancient history and 192 00:20:19,200 --> 00:20:20,480 modernity of the new country. 193 00:20:22,640 --> 00:20:28,400 Márcio's writings reveal a vision that unites poetry with the systematization of 194 00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:30,900 nature, art with science. 195 00:20:31,700 --> 00:20:34,140 At that time, they were together. 196 00:20:34,620 --> 00:20:37,420 And science is always at the service of the State. 197 00:20:37,840 --> 00:20:42,120 In this way, science and production of riches were absolutely 198 00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:43,220 connected. 199 00:20:44,010 --> 00:20:50,270 because he wanted to know, classify, order and catalog all 200 00:20:50,270 --> 00:20:55,230 biodiversity of the world to serve the your own country, or to the country you 201 00:20:55,230 --> 00:20:56,570 sponsor your work. 202 00:20:59,610 --> 00:21:04,710 Therefore, all traveler reports from this time, including those of Márcio, 203 00:21:04,850 --> 00:21:07,450 were considered great secrets of State. 204 00:21:08,750 --> 00:21:13,530 Work of this type organized and systematized the colonies' resources 205 00:21:13,530 --> 00:21:18,710 from all over the world, producing maps that indicated that it existed to be removed 206 00:21:18,710 --> 00:21:24,010 in each territory. These catalogs constituted the bases for the exploration of 207 00:21:24,010 --> 00:21:25,210 Amazon since then. 208 00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:53,380 Márcio's work began to be published shortly after the independence of the 209 00:21:53,380 --> 00:21:54,860 Brazil in 1822. 210 00:21:58,360 --> 00:22:03,360 All your maps and catalogs botanicals and minerals were used by the 211 00:22:03,360 --> 00:22:07,580 Emperor Dom Pedro II for the knowledge of the territory of the new country. 212 00:22:09,060 --> 00:22:14,400 And so they were used to build the National State and for the invention of 213 00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:15,720 very idea of ​​Brazil. 214 00:22:27,879 --> 00:22:33,860 Flora, fauna, minerals, energy, everything that can become a product is immediately 215 00:22:33,860 --> 00:22:37,880 withdrawn into an eternal cycle that repeats over these 200 years. 216 00:22:48,240 --> 00:22:53,960 In this context, the Amazon became the target of internal colonization, which 217 00:22:53,960 --> 00:22:56,900 left marks of profound violence about the region. 218 00:23:09,930 --> 00:23:13,330 The scientific writings not only of Marchos, but many others 219 00:23:13,330 --> 00:23:18,030 European naturalists, were used to promote Brazilian products in 220 00:23:18,030 --> 00:23:23,710 abroad and identify opportunities commercials, revealing the location of 221 00:23:23,710 --> 00:23:27,990 natural resources, difficulties geographical areas and the secrets of 222 00:23:27,990 --> 00:23:30,090 local communities to explore. 223 00:23:36,490 --> 00:23:41,030 All of this allowed the invasion and occupation of the Amazon and the transformation 224 00:23:41,030 --> 00:23:42,910 radical aspect of your landscape. 225 00:23:52,170 --> 00:23:57,670 The Brazilian State, as a monument to civilization in the tropics, became 226 00:23:57,670 --> 00:23:59,890 true, a monument to barbarism. 227 00:24:45,110 --> 00:24:50,350 Márcio and Spix arrived in Rio de Janeiro and crossed the entire country by land, from 228 00:24:50,350 --> 00:24:54,410 south to north, until arriving in Belém do Pará, at the mouth of the Amazon River. 229 00:25:00,210 --> 00:25:01,210 This is Bethlehem. 230 00:25:14,110 --> 00:25:15,110 Our city. 231 00:25:20,070 --> 00:25:24,450 There is neither autumn nor spring here, for we are practically under the line of 232 00:25:24,450 --> 00:25:25,450 Ecuador. 233 00:25:30,790 --> 00:25:35,190 This is Pará, one of the nine states that form the Brazilian Amazon. 234 00:25:43,690 --> 00:25:48,590 More than 200 years ago, it was exactly here that martyrs and spirits arrived to 235 00:25:48,590 --> 00:25:51,330 start mapping the wealth of our region. 236 00:25:53,990 --> 00:25:57,030 It was from here that we both set off towards Bavaria. 237 00:25:58,470 --> 00:26:04,990 It was here, in this place, that we read and We reread all the diaries and reports of 238 00:26:04,990 --> 00:26:08,230 martyrs over the people and over this space in which we live. 239 00:26:12,580 --> 00:26:16,280 We decided to read, in this film, some these lines. 240 00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:20,860 And on them we decided to place the images of everyday life that we 241 00:26:20,860 --> 00:26:23,420 followed during all these readings. 242 00:26:26,760 --> 00:26:31,940 Almost unbelievably, we heard from a dear friend we should be careful 243 00:26:31,940 --> 00:26:32,940 with this. 244 00:26:33,980 --> 00:26:38,740 Ah, there is a possibility that they will find that the images agree with what Marx 245 00:26:38,740 --> 00:26:40,160 wrote, do you understand? 246 00:26:43,310 --> 00:26:45,350 And our friend is right. 247 00:26:45,790 --> 00:26:50,970 The ideas that Martius created about Amazon and about us, Amazonids, are 248 00:26:50,970 --> 00:26:56,050 so strong, but so strong that are probably embedded in 249 00:26:56,050 --> 00:26:58,550 minds of everyone who will watch this work. 250 00:26:59,270 --> 00:27:00,270 All. 251 00:27:02,670 --> 00:27:08,450 We are left with no narrative solution except almost stop this movie to 252 00:27:08,450 --> 00:27:12,070 make it very clear what we think exactly the opposite. 253 00:27:14,410 --> 00:27:19,430 Let's reread these fragments, which are excerpts from diaries and letters, not just 254 00:27:19,430 --> 00:27:23,470 because they are descriptions of our ancestors, but because these 255 00:27:23,470 --> 00:27:30,170 descriptions are still alive, today, now, in the minds of millions of 256 00:27:30,170 --> 00:27:36,510 people and cross almost all images that the world has of us, men and 257 00:27:36,510 --> 00:27:37,670 Amazon women. 258 00:27:52,910 --> 00:27:57,730 I just got 20 minutes of the movie and, sorry, I don't think that does 259 00:27:57,730 --> 00:27:58,730 sense. 260 00:27:59,010 --> 00:28:00,730 It's not a festival film. 261 00:28:01,530 --> 00:28:05,510 There is nothing artistic about it, no visual experimentation, none 262 00:28:05,510 --> 00:28:07,650 narrative. The narration, that is, 263 00:28:08,750 --> 00:28:12,250 you have no silence, none character, they are just ideas and files 264 00:28:12,250 --> 00:28:13,370 that you are putting together. 265 00:28:15,590 --> 00:28:21,770 I think there are many ideas, many ideas and little art, honestly. 266 00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:25,580 I don't think anyone will do that festival, sorry. 267 00:28:25,780 --> 00:28:28,600 And you won't do it on television too. 268 00:28:31,660 --> 00:28:34,720 I mean, who wants to watch a movie? politician about Amazonas now? 269 00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:43,800 We have already made so many references, you they need a hero. 270 00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:46,600 A hero fighting to keep the forest. 271 00:28:47,160 --> 00:28:47,979 And that. 272 00:28:47,980 --> 00:28:49,000 This is Amazonas. 273 00:28:53,840 --> 00:28:55,720 What are you trying to explain? 274 00:28:56,400 --> 00:29:00,080 No one cares how you got there. Nobody wants to hear about it. The 275 00:29:00,080 --> 00:29:03,020 people want to know how the Amazon is doing be preserved. 276 00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:08,980 It's the preservation of the forest, it's not so difficult. 277 00:29:13,980 --> 00:29:16,640 It won't get us anywhere, sorry. 278 00:29:19,540 --> 00:29:21,200 And I mean, Tannhauser... 279 00:29:21,640 --> 00:29:24,380 Tannhäuser is about redemption through love, man. 280 00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:27,400 It's like a pleasure of pure and sublime love. 281 00:29:28,900 --> 00:29:34,040 About the sacrifice of the woman who redeemed the sins of men, as pure love and 282 00:29:34,040 --> 00:29:38,060 Christian who will redeem the world entire region, even the Amazon. 283 00:29:38,940 --> 00:29:41,480 It's a sublime song, man. 284 00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:08,120 The Eldorado will not be found here. 285 00:30:13,770 --> 00:30:17,110 Today's Amazon is not just the original peoples. 286 00:30:17,550 --> 00:30:19,610 It's much more complicated than that. 287 00:30:21,770 --> 00:30:23,450 We live in cities. 288 00:30:24,010 --> 00:30:26,070 More than 70% of us. 289 00:30:26,810 --> 00:30:29,690 But almost nothing is heard about them. 290 00:30:30,810 --> 00:30:32,150 But let's go to the diaries. 291 00:30:33,150 --> 00:30:34,330 Martins wrote. 292 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:44,240 August 16, 1819. 293 00:30:44,660 --> 00:30:46,860 Santa Maria de Belém do Grão-Pará. 294 00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:55,740 When the newcomer enters Bethlehem, finds more than the appearance promised 295 00:30:55,740 --> 00:30:56,740 exterior. 296 00:30:57,280 --> 00:31:02,980 Solid houses, mostly built part of ashlar stones, in large 297 00:31:02,980 --> 00:31:07,580 streets that cut each other at right angles and they form several extensive squares. 298 00:31:11,050 --> 00:31:15,310 The architecture is simple, rarely having the houses with more than two floors. 299 00:31:17,290 --> 00:31:22,050 As this city is one of the most recent of Portuguese colonization, the number of 300 00:31:22,050 --> 00:31:25,190 inhabitants of the high blood bourgeoisie European is great. 301 00:31:27,350 --> 00:31:32,110 There are fewer mulattoes and black people, because until recently 302 00:31:32,110 --> 00:31:36,530 employed exclusively Indians in the agricultural service and public works. 303 00:31:40,769 --> 00:31:44,910 Blacks and Indians form the most population decline. 304 00:31:47,190 --> 00:31:50,310 Indians are free, but they are not civilized. 305 00:31:54,410 --> 00:31:59,410 There is an Indian infantry battalion and, for this purpose, are requested, 306 00:31:59,430 --> 00:32:05,810 several times a year, entire flocks of young Indians, taken from villages 307 00:32:05,810 --> 00:32:08,330 from the interior and sent to the city. 308 00:32:08,860 --> 00:32:10,560 where they receive housing and food. 309 00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:19,100 But almost exclusively they are used men and, with that, a 310 00:32:19,100 --> 00:32:24,640 disproportion of the sexes, causing immorality and malignant diseases. 311 00:32:27,820 --> 00:32:34,500 The truth is that not even feelings Christians of kings, nor the good 312 00:32:34,500 --> 00:32:40,600 intentional disposition of the statesmen, Not even the protection and power of the church could 313 00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:44,300 raise the Indians of Grão-Pará do wild state in which they were 314 00:32:44,300 --> 00:32:45,300 found. 315 00:32:46,940 --> 00:32:53,340 As before, this race remains degraded, suffering, meaningless 316 00:32:53,340 --> 00:32:58,260 in the group of others, plaything of interests and greed of individuals, 317 00:32:58,460 --> 00:33:03,360 a dead weight for the community, which ill will supports it. 318 00:33:11,370 --> 00:33:15,770 The sad conclusion is that the Indian, instead of of being awakened by civilization 319 00:33:15,770 --> 00:33:22,250 European, on the contrary, suffers from it as of slow poison that will eventually 320 00:33:22,250 --> 00:33:23,590 destroy it completely. 321 00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:45,080 Martins believed that the arrival of white people on the American continent would serve 322 00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:49,900 to save the indigenous people from their poverty and to raise them to a new level 323 00:33:49,900 --> 00:33:50,900 civilizational. 324 00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:57,260 In other words, Europeans would help making cultures disappear 325 00:33:57,260 --> 00:34:00,240 indigenous people of the new sea of civilization white. 326 00:34:06,140 --> 00:34:12,020 For the political and economic elite Brazilian, Martius had to be right, 327 00:34:12,100 --> 00:34:17,679 that is, the other races over time would be diluted in white blood. 328 00:34:22,699 --> 00:34:28,520 Between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the XX, this diary paved a set 329 00:34:28,520 --> 00:34:33,900 of biopolitics that aimed to whiten the population, based on the occupation 330 00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:38,880 national territory, German settlers and Italians and other Europeans. 331 00:34:39,389 --> 00:34:43,670 white enough to save the Brazil of alleged degeneration 332 00:34:43,670 --> 00:34:49,170 racial, biologically rooted in indigenous communities and populations 333 00:34:49,170 --> 00:34:50,170 Afro-descendants. 334 00:34:54,270 --> 00:34:59,330 The whitening of society has become the psyche-defining obsession 335 00:34:59,330 --> 00:35:00,950 Brazilian, to this day. 336 00:35:34,730 --> 00:35:35,770 Marchos wrote. 337 00:35:36,050 --> 00:35:41,810 In Belém, without a doubt, there would still be much less disease if the people do not 338 00:35:41,810 --> 00:35:43,070 fed so badly. 339 00:35:46,090 --> 00:35:51,890 The man of the people nourishes himself mainly of cassava flour, dried fish and 340 00:35:51,890 --> 00:35:56,150 salted meat, the latter coming from neighboring island of Marajó. 341 00:36:03,180 --> 00:36:08,060 As a consequence of eating so little nutritious, the great heat and the 342 00:36:08,060 --> 00:36:12,820 lack of physical exercise, it can be seen in in Pará a great tendency to 343 00:36:12,820 --> 00:36:17,040 obesity and organ weakness digestive, accompanied by many 344 00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:19,500 inter-interval complications and discomforts. 345 00:36:21,280 --> 00:36:24,420 Measles and scarlet fever everywhere. 346 00:36:47,600 --> 00:36:52,200 The majority of mestizos live scattered around the city and on the banks 347 00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:53,200 of the rivers. 348 00:36:57,120 --> 00:37:01,780 They live in semi-civilized conditions, without knowledge, nor instructions, nor 349 00:37:01,780 --> 00:37:05,440 ambition and just willing to satisfy their few 350 00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:06,440 needs. 351 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:16,240 The waters full of fish, the little piece of fertile land around the hut, 352 00:37:16,710 --> 00:37:20,310 They give them what they need, without many of them try. 353 00:37:22,830 --> 00:37:25,310 They spend their time carelessly. 354 00:37:26,390 --> 00:37:32,230 And the half-civilized man makes fun of a life whose high aspirations never 355 00:37:32,230 --> 00:37:33,230 you will know. 356 00:37:36,930 --> 00:37:42,650 In simplicity, naivety and isolation of these mixed-race families, 357 00:37:43,100 --> 00:37:45,940 little makes the greatest good felt civilization. 358 00:37:48,460 --> 00:37:54,440 The father of the family barely has any idea of the State and its own obligations towards 359 00:37:54,440 --> 00:38:01,120 him. The life of a court, the expenses of regulated administration and justice, the 360 00:38:01,120 --> 00:38:06,120 foreign relations of a State are things unknown to him. And the 361 00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:10,120 taxes levied by the government for these ends seem unfounded. 362 00:38:14,730 --> 00:38:18,950 The racism in each of these phrases written by Márcio never stayed 363 00:38:18,950 --> 00:38:21,050 forgotten only in these pages. 364 00:38:21,390 --> 00:38:27,030 Every word of that speech to this day reverberates in so many minds and in so many 365 00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:28,030 Brazilian mouths. 366 00:38:29,570 --> 00:38:34,630 The speech of the mestizo as an indolent and lazy practically founded the 367 00:38:34,630 --> 00:38:37,170 We will never get rid of Brazil and it. 368 00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:49,900 In the 19th century, the idea of food as a sign of civilizational advancement was 369 00:38:49,900 --> 00:38:52,040 taken to all the colonies in the world. 370 00:38:53,360 --> 00:38:59,400 Amerindians, Africans, Asians were the others who always ate poorly and 371 00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:02,200 That's why they were seen as sick and indolent. 372 00:39:04,880 --> 00:39:10,040 For the nascent Brazilian State, indolence and waste of time were two 373 00:39:10,040 --> 00:39:11,620 sides of the same coin. 374 00:39:12,960 --> 00:39:17,740 After all, subjugated populations should continue to produce wealth 375 00:39:17,740 --> 00:39:19,700 to the State at the drop of a hat. 376 00:39:20,140 --> 00:39:25,220 In the European's view, time, this fundamental greatness of colonialism, 377 00:39:25,300 --> 00:39:27,780 I needed to always be productive. 378 00:39:28,100 --> 00:39:33,000 And the greatest resistance of the people Amazonians probably was and is the 379 00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:36,300 control of your own time, your own rhythm. 380 00:39:37,360 --> 00:39:42,180 Rowing through time, wandering through life, they are inconceivable attitudes for lovers 381 00:39:42,180 --> 00:39:47,820 Europeans, who spend their lives anxiously frantic search for money, power and 382 00:39:47,820 --> 00:39:48,820 control. 383 00:39:49,520 --> 00:39:53,580 The notion of productive time is also a colonial legacy. 384 00:40:04,230 --> 00:40:09,070 Most of the objects collected in journey of Marchos and Speaks was sent to 385 00:40:09,070 --> 00:40:10,870 Bavaria during the journey. 386 00:40:11,430 --> 00:40:14,730 Another part the travelers took into account hands. 387 00:40:15,170 --> 00:40:20,590 In it were the diamonds obtained in Minas Gerais, animals and plants 388 00:40:20,590 --> 00:40:26,490 considered rarer and collections of live parts. That is to say, plants, 389 00:40:26,490 --> 00:40:30,790 animals and the two indigenous people, Mirânia and Yuri. 390 00:40:31,310 --> 00:40:36,290 characters who became known as the Indian Boys that Spix and Martius 391 00:40:36,290 --> 00:40:37,290 took them to Munich. 392 00:40:38,390 --> 00:40:43,550 It is not difficult to imagine how many Germans, attracted by the news in the newspapers 393 00:40:43,550 --> 00:40:49,270 time, they went to the Royal Palace of Bavaria see the, quote, creatures 394 00:40:49,270 --> 00:40:55,130 which, courtesy of Spix and Martius, could receive a visit from someone 395 00:40:55,130 --> 00:40:56,530 wanted to see them. 396 00:41:31,720 --> 00:41:37,080 A foreman, by order of his master, presented to the Indians, among whom 397 00:41:37,080 --> 00:41:42,600 I could choose one to take and show in Europe, with the presumption of 398 00:41:42,600 --> 00:41:46,040 that I could educate him to European humanity, as I 399 00:41:46,040 --> 00:41:47,040 intended. 400 00:41:56,560 --> 00:42:01,440 The next morning, before departure, a group of male Indians performed at the 401 00:42:01,440 --> 00:42:04,500 patio in front of the house and I made the choice. 402 00:42:06,960 --> 00:42:11,900 I pointed out the handsome boy Yuri, who foreman removed from the group, and the look of the 403 00:42:11,900 --> 00:42:16,020 This boy's father did not follow him, however followed me. 404 00:42:21,840 --> 00:42:25,080 It was a question, it was anger. 405 00:42:26,330 --> 00:42:27,330 I never forgot that look. 406 00:42:31,130 --> 00:42:37,150 A year later, when the boy died in Munich from lung disease, it's back 407 00:42:37,150 --> 00:42:39,150 me like a very heavy load. 408 00:42:43,190 --> 00:42:49,670 I paid the price of having the hardening of soul and with that I learned love and 409 00:42:49,670 --> 00:42:51,590 admiration for human nature. 410 00:42:55,080 --> 00:42:59,480 Through a bad deed, I became in a friend of humanity. 411 00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:09,700 At the funeral monument dedicated to Yuri and Miranha reads Stolen from the homeland, 412 00:43:09,780 --> 00:43:13,340 found care and love far away place in the world. 413 00:43:14,340 --> 00:43:18,240 However, the relentless and hostile wind of north took them. 414 00:43:26,960 --> 00:43:29,020 Yuri died in 1821. 415 00:43:29,920 --> 00:43:33,440 And in May of the following year, it was time for Mirania. 416 00:43:41,500 --> 00:43:45,120 Two young people were chosen to cross the Atlantic by force. 417 00:43:51,020 --> 00:43:55,380 What is the sole function of having your bodies displayed to Europeans in a type of 418 00:43:55,380 --> 00:44:00,080 violent assimilation experience mixed with the human zoo? 419 00:44:08,020 --> 00:44:12,740 Should the two indigenous people deny their ancestral world and do all 420 00:44:12,740 --> 00:44:15,980 efforts to understand a world entirely new? 421 00:44:26,380 --> 00:44:31,680 They were chosen by Martins because they were of ethnicities considered productive, faithful 422 00:44:31,680 --> 00:44:33,520 and of great intelligence. 423 00:44:35,400 --> 00:44:41,000 Martins renamed them with German names, just as he renamed the plants that 424 00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:46,060 collected. The two young men became called Johann and Isabella. 425 00:44:47,480 --> 00:44:53,120 We don't even know their previous names, because Yuri and Mirania were just the names 426 00:44:53,120 --> 00:44:54,120 of their people. 427 00:44:54,510 --> 00:44:56,930 who for years lived in the region of Japurá. 428 00:45:04,870 --> 00:45:09,710 Márcio's attitude was not an exception in modern Western history. 429 00:45:10,510 --> 00:45:16,110 Before him, many other Europeans uprooted people from colonies all over the world 430 00:45:16,110 --> 00:45:20,710 world, not just to serve as slaves, but also to demonstrate the 431 00:45:20,710 --> 00:45:25,480 power, prestige, and control that whites exercised over others 432 00:45:25,480 --> 00:45:27,180 populations around the planet. 433 00:45:28,400 --> 00:45:33,780 Human zoos were common in large colonial fairs and fairs 434 00:45:33,780 --> 00:45:36,640 world championships that took place in Europe and the United States. 435 00:45:38,740 --> 00:45:43,040 Just like the exotic plants taken for the botanical gardens to be 436 00:45:43,040 --> 00:45:47,580 investigated and exposed, the parks zoos also functioned as 437 00:45:47,580 --> 00:45:52,340 species acclimatization spaces human beings taken from the tropics, to 438 00:45:52,340 --> 00:45:54,160 adapt them to temperate climates. 439 00:45:58,320 --> 00:46:02,340 People as objects of experimentation scientific. 440 00:46:19,760 --> 00:46:25,140 In the 19th century, the search for supposed missing link between humans and 441 00:46:25,140 --> 00:46:26,140 other animals. 442 00:46:26,700 --> 00:46:32,920 In 1810, Sarah arrived in London Bartman, called by Europeans 443 00:46:32,920 --> 00:46:38,560 Venus of Rotentont, a South African taken by the British to be 444 00:46:38,560 --> 00:46:43,440 presented on cultural circuits London, where the public could, for 445 00:46:43,440 --> 00:46:46,180 some challenges, see it and touch it. 446 00:46:52,240 --> 00:46:54,700 The poster contains the following words. 447 00:46:55,880 --> 00:47:01,480 In view of this wonderful product from nature, the public has a specimen 448 00:47:01,480 --> 00:47:06,660 perfect of the most extraordinary tribe in human race, which has for a long 449 00:47:06,660 --> 00:47:09,380 period inhabited the southernmost part of Africa. 450 00:47:11,540 --> 00:47:16,740 She had the honor of being visited by His Royal Highness and several other members 451 00:47:16,740 --> 00:47:17,740 of the Royal Family. 452 00:47:26,700 --> 00:47:31,020 Five years later, Sarah Barton was taken to be displayed at the Museum of 453 00:47:31,020 --> 00:47:35,760 Natural History in Paris, where he died in December 1815. 454 00:47:37,040 --> 00:47:40,640 His body was dissected by scientists French. 455 00:47:45,680 --> 00:47:50,700 When Marx took the indigenous boys from Brazil to Munich, the trafficking of 456 00:47:50,700 --> 00:47:53,920 people from the colonies to Europe era something common. 457 00:47:54,640 --> 00:47:58,760 There was no amazement or rest at all part of Europeans. 458 00:47:59,300 --> 00:48:03,800 In German newspapers there were many racist comments about 459 00:48:03,800 --> 00:48:08,240 intellectual abilities and physical constitution of Yuri and Mirania. 460 00:48:10,100 --> 00:48:14,600 From the press, we also know that Martius actually took six 461 00:48:14,600 --> 00:48:15,600 indigenous people. 462 00:48:18,280 --> 00:48:21,400 Four of them would have died during the trip. 463 00:48:33,390 --> 00:48:35,850 Today we have a reverse flow crisis. 464 00:48:36,170 --> 00:48:40,490 They are the descendants of the people enslaved people who migrate to Europe, 465 00:48:40,750 --> 00:48:44,890 pressured by internal crises in their countries, which still occur in 466 00:48:44,890 --> 00:48:48,490 direct consequence of the period of enormous colonial exploitation. 467 00:48:51,150 --> 00:48:57,590 In the time of empires, Africans, Amerindians, Asians, these people called 468 00:48:57,590 --> 00:49:02,150 exotic, were admitted to Europe just to serve their masters. 469 00:49:02,650 --> 00:49:06,990 and to be used in experiments scientific and entertainment in 470 00:49:06,990 --> 00:49:09,550 public squares and in the garden of acclimatization. 471 00:49:11,350 --> 00:49:17,230 Now, they are seen as the enemy who tries to destroy European culture, 472 00:49:17,230 --> 00:49:18,230 so-called civilization. 473 00:49:19,690 --> 00:49:24,530 As clashes erupt in the streets of the entire continent, Europe lives the 474 00:49:24,530 --> 00:49:30,550 dilemma of understanding, definitively, that She is no longer just white. 475 00:49:52,770 --> 00:49:54,210 Hi, I'm already here. 476 00:49:55,830 --> 00:49:56,830 There's nothing. 477 00:49:57,530 --> 00:50:02,330 There is nothing separate, there is nothing done, there's nothing. I can't speak 478 00:50:02,330 --> 00:50:03,330 with anyone. 479 00:50:04,570 --> 00:50:09,230 I managed to speak to the director of the other collection, from Africa, but he said that 480 00:50:09,230 --> 00:50:15,370 is 15 years old even though there is no one there collection from South America and which does not 481 00:50:15,370 --> 00:50:16,370 to see. 482 00:50:18,090 --> 00:50:23,030 Then I met my friends, they called some people, and the people 483 00:50:23,030 --> 00:50:24,390 they thought it was very easy. 484 00:50:25,390 --> 00:50:30,930 They said, oh, it's going to be quick, tomorrow We can do it, and you come in to see. 485 00:50:31,130 --> 00:50:32,170 And then it didn't happen. 486 00:50:33,790 --> 00:50:39,770 It's as if every time it stays, curls up, understand? 487 00:50:45,210 --> 00:50:48,050 All other collections have curators, but not this one. 488 00:50:48,270 --> 00:50:49,490 The one in the Amazon doesn't have it. 489 00:50:50,210 --> 00:50:53,570 And, according to them, there is no deadline, so, to have. 490 00:50:54,170 --> 00:50:55,530 Nobody even thinks about it. 491 00:50:58,650 --> 00:50:59,970 There's something going on. 492 00:51:00,670 --> 00:51:03,310 For some reason, no one wants the we see this. 493 00:51:04,910 --> 00:51:10,850 You can understand, right, that this is, anyway... These are collections collected by 494 00:51:10,850 --> 00:51:12,390 very important people to them. 495 00:51:15,440 --> 00:51:16,860 It's unbelievable. 496 00:51:18,040 --> 00:51:21,860 Among all the museum's collections, only this line can see. 497 00:51:23,860 --> 00:51:25,420 It's very strange. 498 00:51:27,960 --> 00:51:29,760 It's very strange. 499 00:51:50,830 --> 00:51:56,570 Spix died in 1826, as a result of a tropical disease contracted during 500 00:51:56,570 --> 00:51:57,630 shipment in Brazil. 501 00:52:03,950 --> 00:52:08,070 Even with the death of both scientists, the kingdom of Bavaria never 502 00:52:08,070 --> 00:52:10,150 stopped sending people to the Amazon. 503 00:52:15,440 --> 00:52:21,100 In 1888, Princess Therese von Bayern became the first European to head 504 00:52:21,100 --> 00:52:22,520 an expedition to the Amazon. 505 00:52:25,060 --> 00:52:28,700 Therese was born in 1850, in Munich. 506 00:52:28,900 --> 00:52:32,260 She was the daughter of Luitpold, the prince regent. 507 00:52:32,800 --> 00:52:37,840 Therese spoke 12 languages ​​and was probably the most educated person in your life 508 00:52:37,840 --> 00:52:38,840 family. 509 00:52:39,420 --> 00:52:43,700 As she was a woman, however, it was prevented from advancing to university. 510 00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:49,280 She continued her studies alone botany, zoology, ethnology and 511 00:52:49,280 --> 00:52:50,280 anthropology. 512 00:52:52,380 --> 00:52:58,560 Therese's father, Luitpold, remained in regency until his death in 1912. 513 00:52:59,880 --> 00:53:04,720 For practically his entire life, she held the position of first woman 514 00:53:04,720 --> 00:53:09,420 in the kingdom of Bavaria, a position generally used to form 515 00:53:09,420 --> 00:53:11,780 political alliances through weddings. 516 00:53:12,400 --> 00:53:18,060 Despite this, Therese never married. Ao contrary, to escape from imprisonment 517 00:53:18,060 --> 00:53:22,440 from the Munich court, Therese began to travel to distant countries. 518 00:53:22,780 --> 00:53:27,920 I wanted to be free and meet others regions, cultures, plants and animals. 519 00:53:28,560 --> 00:53:33,100 She was interested in human beings of these new lands and their languages. 520 00:53:33,500 --> 00:53:38,760 He didn't just want to free himself from the court, but wanted to be free to become a 521 00:53:38,760 --> 00:53:40,340 recognized naturalist. 522 00:53:46,000 --> 00:53:52,740 Therese von Bayern's great foray to the Amazon happened in 1888, just one 523 00:53:52,740 --> 00:53:55,260 month after the abolition of slavery in Brazil. 524 00:54:01,120 --> 00:54:04,720 In her travel diaries, she wrote... 525 00:54:17,930 --> 00:54:21,990 The purpose of my trip was get to know the tropics and find, 526 00:54:22,290 --> 00:54:24,370 perhaps indigenous tribes. 527 00:54:32,130 --> 00:54:37,090 Even with a small team and using disguises, as he traveled under the name of 528 00:54:37,090 --> 00:54:41,650 Therese von Elpen, the princess never completely escaped its origin 529 00:54:41,650 --> 00:54:42,650 monarchical. 530 00:54:43,910 --> 00:54:49,390 She had Dom Pedro II, emperor of Brazil, the most profound and explicit 531 00:54:49,390 --> 00:54:50,390 admiration. 532 00:54:52,170 --> 00:54:57,230 They shared a love of languages, of history and even mineralogy. 533 00:55:00,190 --> 00:55:05,010 The illustrated emperor of Brazil partially financed the trip 534 00:55:05,010 --> 00:55:06,930 princess who started in Portugal. 535 00:55:10,590 --> 00:55:16,110 On the 14th, at 5 o'clock in the afternoon, we left Portugal aboard the steamship Manauara. 536 00:55:16,480 --> 00:55:17,760 whose license plate was from Liverpool. 537 00:55:18,960 --> 00:55:25,380 The wind was extremely strong, the sea agitated, the waves broke over the 538 00:55:25,380 --> 00:55:26,380 deck. 539 00:55:28,080 --> 00:55:31,900 I met a kind Jewish native of Vienna, which goes to Pará as 540 00:55:31,900 --> 00:55:32,900 fashionista. 541 00:55:33,380 --> 00:55:37,840 From Brazilians to a US employee Correios Paraenses, which undoubtedly 542 00:55:37,840 --> 00:55:40,200 There's no shortage of Indian blood in his veins. 543 00:55:41,660 --> 00:55:45,160 His wife and sister-in-law are beautiful mulattoes. 544 00:55:45,630 --> 00:55:50,050 who are accompanied by their mother, large and horribly corpulent. 545 00:55:51,590 --> 00:55:55,210 Even with abolition, black people did not appear to be considered in the same 546 00:55:55,210 --> 00:55:56,750 social status of whites. 547 00:55:58,270 --> 00:56:03,330 Our old black woman, for example, doesn't eat at the table with us, but at the table 548 00:56:03,330 --> 00:56:04,330 servants. 549 00:56:05,490 --> 00:56:10,330 She doesn't have any bunk beds either. arrangement and sleeps on the floor of the cabin 550 00:56:10,330 --> 00:56:11,330 of the daughters. 551 00:56:17,390 --> 00:56:23,210 Just like males, Therese classified everything, including humans, using it to 552 00:56:23,210 --> 00:56:28,750 This is the racial scales of the science of time, dividing whites, blacks and 553 00:56:28,750 --> 00:56:29,750 mestizos. 554 00:56:31,450 --> 00:56:36,770 Therese observed his habits and wrote it down in his diary, in the same way 555 00:56:36,770 --> 00:56:40,690 what he did with animals and plants that he found along the way. 556 00:56:42,470 --> 00:56:48,180 When she looked at the tropics, she saw an inferior world, from the point of view 557 00:56:48,180 --> 00:56:50,480 biological and civilizational. 558 00:57:13,000 --> 00:57:14,980 Thérèse wrote 559 00:57:16,620 --> 00:57:21,860 Of mixed Brazilian race, in 1872, they are around 4 million souls. 560 00:57:22,820 --> 00:57:27,640 There are 2 million black people and almost 1 million and 400 thousand Indians. 561 00:57:28,860 --> 00:57:31,720 Of white people, there are just under 4 million. 562 00:57:32,500 --> 00:57:37,220 Of these white people, not all of them could prove, unquestionably, the 563 00:57:37,220 --> 00:57:39,740 purity of your Aryan family tree. 564 00:57:41,299 --> 00:57:46,820 It is undoubtedly up to the mixed race at least 3 million of those 4 million that 565 00:57:46,820 --> 00:57:48,040 they call themselves white. 566 00:57:49,040 --> 00:57:51,960 1 million might actually be white. 567 00:58:02,080 --> 00:58:08,530 The mixed race is divided into Mamluks, that is, mestizos of Indians and whites, in 568 00:58:08,530 --> 00:58:14,350 caribacas, mestizos of Indians and blacks, and in mulattos, mestizos of whites and 569 00:58:14,350 --> 00:58:19,990 blacks. And finally, in a product of crossing of all these mixed breeds 570 00:58:19,990 --> 00:58:22,950 in the most complete mixture of all hues. 571 00:58:23,430 --> 00:58:26,930 Brazil's mixed race proliferates quickly. 572 00:58:27,150 --> 00:58:31,070 And, at least from the point of view of intelligence, it is equivalent to the races 573 00:58:31,070 --> 00:58:34,990 pure. Anyway, in any case... 574 00:58:35,210 --> 00:58:38,050 the future of the country belongs to this race. 575 00:58:46,510 --> 00:58:51,410 Like Martius, Teresa believed than white, allegedly the most 576 00:58:51,410 --> 00:58:56,590 advanced, had the task of raising the other breeds at a higher level of 577 00:58:56,590 --> 00:58:57,590 existence. 578 00:58:58,810 --> 00:59:03,010 But, unlike Martius, who believed that other races 579 00:59:03,010 --> 00:59:08,240 would dilute in whites, Thérèse believed that Brazil was a country 580 00:59:08,240 --> 00:59:13,620 unviable as a nation, because the Aryan race would never be dominant. 581 00:59:14,700 --> 00:59:19,280 For her, Brazil was and always would be a mixed race country. 582 00:59:22,560 --> 00:59:25,560 The science used by Thérèse classified. 583 00:59:27,940 --> 00:59:29,880 And the action of classifying... 584 00:59:30,090 --> 00:59:35,530 Everything allowed mapping and planning shapes control for the removal of all 585 00:59:35,530 --> 00:59:36,530 riches. 586 00:59:42,310 --> 00:59:47,290 The classification of humans by races was the structuring of the science of 587 00:59:47,290 --> 00:59:48,290 period. 588 00:59:48,790 --> 00:59:52,890 Humans were part of the panel resources of the territories. 589 00:59:53,290 --> 00:59:59,180 Therefore, dividing humans and describing them was part of the research 590 00:59:59,180 --> 01:00:02,780 identification and classification that it was held in Brazil. 591 01:00:11,100 --> 01:00:12,500 Teresa wrote. 592 01:00:13,360 --> 01:00:17,540 In the middle of the clearing stood a house simple with covered balcony. 593 01:00:18,020 --> 01:00:22,480 A group of black people was dancing here, by men, women and children. 594 01:00:22,900 --> 01:00:25,980 As the only musical instrument there was drums. 595 01:00:26,560 --> 01:00:31,260 which were also made in a primitive, from a long trunk of 596 01:00:31,260 --> 01:00:35,640 hollowed out tree with an outstretched skin in the cross section. 597 01:00:36,100 --> 01:00:40,960 The musicians tapped their fingers on it, straddling the instrument. 598 01:00:44,820 --> 01:00:48,700 The dance itself left nothing to be desired in terms of savagery. 599 01:00:49,040 --> 01:00:54,200 Now the blacks extended their arms towards the high, sometimes only this or that one moved it 600 01:00:54,200 --> 01:00:59,670 member, Now they jumped suddenly and in Then they sat almost on the ground or 601 01:00:59,670 --> 01:01:04,170 even threw themselves completely onto the land, and then take a leap 602 01:01:04,170 --> 01:01:06,330 with doubly disfigured movements. 603 01:01:07,950 --> 01:01:12,290 One had the complete impression of having in front of you a bunch of crazy people. 604 01:01:14,730 --> 01:01:20,170 Finally, the black group, which represented various types of black, sat down 605 01:01:20,170 --> 01:01:22,310 long tables for a meal simple. 606 01:01:24,610 --> 01:01:29,650 Many picked up food from their plates with hands and many ate two in one 607 01:01:29,650 --> 01:01:30,690 same platter. 608 01:03:14,320 --> 01:03:16,840 Thérèse did not deny being a woman of her own kind. time. 609 01:03:17,100 --> 01:03:21,680 She had the same racial views of all European scientists from 610 01:03:21,680 --> 01:03:22,680 19th century. 611 01:03:24,940 --> 01:03:30,160 This view justified the slavery and the inferiorization of others 612 01:03:30,160 --> 01:03:31,480 non-European cultures. 613 01:03:37,120 --> 01:03:42,600 In the little we were able to access from their personal files, We found catalogs 614 01:03:42,600 --> 01:03:48,200 classification of people, photos of acclimatization of indigenous people and photographs 615 01:03:48,200 --> 01:03:49,200 of human zoos. 616 01:03:52,940 --> 01:03:57,960 These were the racial ideas that Therese projected onto the populations 617 01:03:57,960 --> 01:03:58,960 Amazon. 618 01:04:07,850 --> 01:04:11,690 Despite having fought bravely for entry of women into university and 619 01:04:11,690 --> 01:04:15,830 for the possibility of them doing science, Therese had no ideals 620 01:04:15,830 --> 01:04:19,170 Republicans. Nor did he believe in social equalities. 621 01:04:20,070 --> 01:04:23,690 She fought for space for women white and noble. 622 01:04:24,390 --> 01:04:29,450 As a princess, she continued to defend the existence of empires like hers. 623 01:04:30,590 --> 01:04:33,590 He dedicated his book to the memory of his majesty. 624 01:04:33,900 --> 01:04:38,220 the much revered and unforgettable Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil. 625 01:04:41,360 --> 01:04:46,280 With the results of the research carried out in the tropics, it was no longer possible to deny 626 01:04:46,280 --> 01:04:49,000 that what the princess accomplished was science. 627 01:04:49,280 --> 01:04:55,500 In this way, in 1892, it became the first woman to receive a title 628 01:04:55,500 --> 01:04:57,940 honoris causa from a university in Bavaria. 629 01:04:59,660 --> 01:05:03,300 Teresa dedicated her life to encouraging other women to become 630 01:05:03,300 --> 01:05:07,480 scientists, fighting for local universities were opened 631 01:05:07,480 --> 01:05:09,000 definitely for them. 632 01:05:11,880 --> 01:05:18,120 Teresa collected in the New World many objects, clothes and even body parts. 633 01:05:18,320 --> 01:05:22,940 Stored them in these distant lands Europeans as proof of the existence 634 01:05:22,940 --> 01:05:28,230 of these strange and exotic beings that, according to Martius, they were just ruins of 635 01:05:28,230 --> 01:05:31,570 some immense civilization that there one day existed. 636 01:05:33,790 --> 01:05:38,810 Of the original peoples, as well as Martius, Therese didn't just steal 637 01:05:38,810 --> 01:05:43,230 artifacts, but also stole their knowledge and knowledge about 638 01:05:43,230 --> 01:05:46,270 plants, animals and geography. 639 01:05:47,410 --> 01:05:51,950 Unfortunately, this was, and still is, a common practice among many 640 01:05:51,950 --> 01:05:52,950 scientists. 641 01:05:54,190 --> 01:05:58,450 Much of the Amerindian knowledge entered Western science without the 642 01:05:58,450 --> 01:06:02,990 due recognition of participation indigenous people and the violence suffered. 643 01:06:05,330 --> 01:06:10,030 Just like all other travelers men before her, Therese did not 644 01:06:10,030 --> 01:06:14,450 recognized the participation of the people originating in the production of knowledge 645 01:06:14,450 --> 01:06:19,090 and perpetuated the historic process of erasure of indigenous knowledge. 646 01:07:00,040 --> 01:07:04,740 Months passed and we still didn't access to ethnographic materials 647 01:07:04,740 --> 01:07:07,200 collected by Martius and Therese von Bayern. 648 01:07:08,000 --> 01:07:12,620 The South American collection at the Museum of Five Continents remains waiting 649 01:07:12,620 --> 01:07:14,400 a new curator 15 years ago. 650 01:07:15,860 --> 01:07:20,840 At the same time that Germany injects resources at the bottom of the Amazon, the country 651 01:07:20,840 --> 01:07:25,700 denies access to fundamental collections for the reconstruction of our history. 652 01:07:26,060 --> 01:07:29,240 and for the study of some of the legacies that formed our country. 653 01:07:34,020 --> 01:07:40,300 Márcios and Teresas understood each other as civilized and racially superior and 654 01:07:40,300 --> 01:07:45,260 contributed largely to the construction and reproduction of hierarchies 655 01:07:45,260 --> 01:07:50,240 racial groups that forged the modern and which continue to be present today. 656 01:07:56,840 --> 01:08:01,320 As we know, the racial obsession of Europeans gave basis to ideologies 657 01:08:01,320 --> 01:08:05,460 Nazifascists, who became responsible for gas chambers, 658 01:08:05,520 --> 01:08:11,760 genocides, for the greatest atrocities of the 20th century, both in Europe and in 659 01:08:11,760 --> 01:08:14,140 African continent and the Americas. 660 01:08:28,270 --> 01:08:32,529 The plays of Richard Strauss and Richard Wagner were used to conduct 661 01:08:32,529 --> 01:08:38,410 hearts and minds and express civilizational and racial feelings of 662 01:08:38,410 --> 01:08:39,450 all types. 663 01:08:48,830 --> 01:08:54,050 More powerful than music in the century XIX was science itself, which was 664 01:08:54,050 --> 01:08:59,240 used to create and naturalize racial hierarchies, and to collaborate 665 01:08:59,240 --> 01:09:04,359 with the process of extraction, invasion and colonization of spaces with the Amazon. 666 01:09:12,260 --> 01:09:16,800 Fundamentally, mental structures and affective aspects of structural racism were 667 01:09:16,800 --> 01:09:18,740 built with science and art. 668 01:09:19,140 --> 01:09:22,840 No wonder racism remains so omnipresent. 669 01:09:24,300 --> 01:09:27,779 Its foundations were forged to be lasting. 670 01:09:28,700 --> 01:09:34,880 It is impossible to get rid of these structures without reconsidering your dramatic and 671 01:09:34,880 --> 01:09:39,920 historic construction process, of which Márcio de Terezes composes only 672 01:09:39,920 --> 01:09:41,319 some chapters. 673 01:09:46,520 --> 01:09:52,300 In Brazil, the use of science and racial ideas served as tools 674 01:09:52,300 --> 01:09:56,460 for the inferiorization of populations Amazonas, from the imperial center 675 01:09:56,460 --> 01:09:57,460 of power. 676 01:09:58,780 --> 01:10:03,880 The idea that the Amazon does not have people and must be populated was in large 677 01:10:03,880 --> 01:10:08,240 measure the result of considering that the people who live here are 678 01:10:08,240 --> 01:10:09,240 less than human. 679 01:10:10,540 --> 01:10:14,080 Are racially and civilizationally lower. 680 01:10:14,860 --> 01:10:19,420 Inferiorization is an instrument powerful of subjugation. 681 01:10:20,650 --> 01:10:25,650 These ideas served to perpetuate the image of the Amazon as a reservoir of 682 01:10:25,650 --> 01:10:29,610 resources to be explored by this country called Brazil. 683 01:10:30,590 --> 01:10:31,750 But which country? 684 01:10:32,610 --> 01:10:33,690 Country for whom? 685 01:11:20,360 --> 01:11:24,800 The Brazilian State denies the existence of the different ways of being and being in the 686 01:11:24,800 --> 01:11:27,920 world, built for centuries in the region Amazon. 687 01:11:29,720 --> 01:11:35,860 The much-vaunted national integration was always violent, racist and authoritarian. 688 01:11:37,240 --> 01:11:41,400 They result from the idea that the The Amazon is a colony to be integrated into the 689 01:11:41,400 --> 01:11:42,400 strength to Brazil. 690 01:11:43,920 --> 01:11:46,120 Internal colonialism is evident. 691 01:11:51,419 --> 01:11:53,760 Science, like art, is power. 692 01:11:54,240 --> 01:11:56,300 And also a form of expression. 693 01:11:57,400 --> 01:12:01,520 Therefore, it is not something that democratize and be used to actually 694 01:12:01,520 --> 01:12:03,880 improve the living conditions of Amazons. 695 01:12:05,260 --> 01:12:08,080 Much less if it is shared with the peripheries of the world. 696 01:12:08,940 --> 01:12:14,320 It is something to be controlled, as it is, and has always been, an instrument of domination and 697 01:12:14,320 --> 01:12:16,520 demonstration of prestige and power. 698 01:12:17,060 --> 01:12:23,340 And for this, and for this, Many files who keep these stories will remain 699 01:12:23,340 --> 01:12:28,560 closed and inaccessible to those said peripherals that want to think for themselves. 700 01:12:30,820 --> 01:12:36,020 The image of the Amazon as a devoid of subjects and knowledge 701 01:12:36,020 --> 01:12:38,900 complex, devoid of history. 702 01:12:43,760 --> 01:12:48,840 The so-called rational use of the forest is based on a single rationality. 703 01:12:49,520 --> 01:12:50,520 The western one. 704 01:12:52,020 --> 01:12:57,320 It's the same system of thought that brought us here, on the edge of the 705 01:12:57,320 --> 01:12:58,320 extinction. 706 01:12:59,860 --> 01:13:04,620 The only alternatives to this situation come of the ancestral knowledge of the populations 707 01:13:04,620 --> 01:13:09,960 who, during all these years, were enslaved, kidnapped, plundered and 708 01:13:09,960 --> 01:13:13,600 raped in the name of projects civilizational and national. 709 01:13:16,300 --> 01:13:21,320 These same people who were robbed, looted and kidnapped by Márcio and 710 01:13:21,320 --> 01:13:22,320 Terese. 711 01:13:23,900 --> 01:13:29,760 The same ones whose material memories are and will remain kidnapped and 712 01:13:29,760 --> 01:13:32,620 boxed in the basements of museums Europeans. 713 01:13:35,340 --> 01:13:39,920 As Chico Mendes said, there is no defense of the forest without the various people who 714 01:13:39,920 --> 01:13:41,100 inhabit this forest. 715 01:13:42,600 --> 01:13:45,660 There will also be no more history of forest without us. 716 01:13:48,880 --> 01:13:53,180 Retelling one's own story is taking the word and direction. 717 01:13:54,140 --> 01:13:55,300 Forever.